<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T<\/strong>\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n sinh, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef… \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1ed3n \u00e0o th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o sau WWII v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt: Sartre, Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Gadamer. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00e1c nhau \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp chung v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn. Thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn (HTL) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. HTL ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf qua thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, ti\u00ean ni\u1ec7m, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft… \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy gi\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (eidetic reduction); t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 HTL t\u1eeb mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (descriptive) qua b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (eidetic) v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o (constitutive). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi gian. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ta c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (internal time consciousness). Th\u1eddi gian HTL n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian thi\u00ean v\u0103n, c\u00f3 2 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef k\u00fd \u1ee9c (retention) v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (protention) khi\u1ebfn khi ta ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eb7p, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ca s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3. Th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac l\u1eafng nghe, kh\u00f4ng ho hen c\u1ee5c c\u1ef1a. Nh\u1ea1c d\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i nghe nh\u1ea1c. Bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng hay, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea1c gi\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng ai nghe. Th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c cho hay; ca s\u0129, c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n cho gi\u1ecfi, l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ea3o h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngoa. Xin m\u01a1\u0300i \u0111o\u0323c \u0111\u00ea\u0309 hi\u00ea\u0309u ro\u0303 h\u01a1n v\u00e2\u0301n \u0111\u00ea\u0300 va\u0300 ti\u00ea\u0323n theo do\u0303i ph\u00e2\u0300n ti\u00ea\u0301p theo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nghe nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nghe t\u1eebng n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t, n\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o n\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u1ee9 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft giai \u0111i\u1ec7u. C\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1t d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1edd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh giai \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea1y nghe nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1ed5ng xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7m, m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu, nhanh ch\u1eadm, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c c\u00e2u… Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi \u0111\u00e3 nghe quen giai \u0111i\u1ec7u.
Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghe nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00ec nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m thanh. C\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea1c. V\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o tai tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t qua c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng ca s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a \u00e2m s\u1eafc nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, cho n\u00ean t\u1ea1o ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m, th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng… Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed c\u00f9ng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ca s\u0129 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng hay, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (vd. gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t x\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh Ly, tr\u1ea7m \u1ea5m nh\u01b0 L\u1ec7 Thu), l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n giai \u0111i\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u01a1i kh\u01a1i (tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghe trong \u0111\u1ea7u) m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i qua gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t hay nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5.
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung quanh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, li\u00ean h\u1ec7, th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc (TDH) l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau qua di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh (assumption) v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n (hermeneutical circle) khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.
Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c di\u1ec5n ra nh\u1edd 3 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n: nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c, ca s\u0129 h\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 nghe th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c.
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Nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed huy ho\u00e0ng d\u00e0i m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hay, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u00e2m s\u1eafc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc… tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1edd ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc du nh\u1eadp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m thanh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, nh\u1ea1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nh\u1ea1c ti\u00ean phong (avant-garde)… nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy c\u00f3 s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh. Kh\u1ea3o h\u01b0\u1edbng HTL v\u00e0 TDH g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed5 t\u00fac m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.
Trong 3 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, v\u00ec nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea1c, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ebft, nh\u1ea1c gi\u1ea5y, n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kho t\u00e0ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 t\u00fac. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng.
Stravinsky mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed5 t\u00fac. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Rossini \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do cho tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c opera c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n nh\u1ea1c jazz nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c, ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng. Wynton Marsalis ch\u00ea c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n (artisan) c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 jazz m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 (artist) – tuy nhi\u00ean khi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n nh\u1ea1c Duke Ellington \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i trung th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.
Bruce Ellis Benson, ngo\u00e0i \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c do b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea th\u00eam v\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m:
1\/<\/strong> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f3n l\u00e1y (trill) ho\u1eb7c b\u00e8 tr\u1ea7m c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 (figured bass) trong nh\u1ea1c th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, Baroque…l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a \u00e2m \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng m\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y:
2\/<\/strong> th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng canh ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Th\u1eddi Baroque v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c hay s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e2u k\u1ebft (cadenza) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (sonata, concerto…) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c
3\/<\/strong> c\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c (gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, violon sang piano…) nhi\u1ec1u khi do ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n (vd. Bach). C\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00f2a \u00e2m g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.
4\/<\/strong> thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c h\u00f2a t\u1ea5u, giao h\u01b0\u1edfng (concerto, symphony) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng canh, s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c… t\u00f9y nghi theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y.
5\/<\/strong> thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c jazz, opera…V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.
M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (interactive, chance, aleatory, indeterminate) m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 tham gia l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t vd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Tr\u00f2 Ch\u01a1i Nh\u1ea1c Gieo X\u00fac X\u1eafc (Musicalishches Wurfelspiel) th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e1n cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Mozart, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i gieo x\u00fac x\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n waltz, menuet ng\u1eafn.
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i sinh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3, gi\u1eef cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. Ca s\u0129, c\u1ea7m th\u1ee7, nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i nghe nh\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd. Nh\u00ecn sang nh\u1ea1c pop, vd n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eef ca s\u0129 Taylor Swift tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n. C\u00f2n b\u00ean nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e2u nay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb im \u1eafng, do c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, pop, rock..Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tuy\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 piano c\u1ee7a Lang Lang v\u00e0 Yuja Wang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 2 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1ea1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Tr\u1eeb r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u01b0 Milton Babbitt) s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c sinh t\u1ed3n nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n hay v\u00e0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh gia chung th\u1ea9m, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3n n\u0103ng nghe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u00f3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. N\u00ean nh\u1edb ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea9y m\u00faa tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1ea1c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea1c Nam M\u1ef9, nh\u1ea1c rock, rap, hiphop…th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 tham gia c\u1ee7a th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea1y th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 ng\u1ed3i im l\u1eafng nghe, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee5c c\u1ef1a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ph\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. H\u00e3y tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea7u cho \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.
S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i: nh\u1ea1c b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u1ed5i h\u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c ghi ra gi\u1ea5y. Th\u1eadt ra, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nung n\u1ea5u trong ti\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0i n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c. R\u1ed3i do truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n trong \u0111\u1ea7u, nay g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1ea1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y na n\u00e1 nh\u1ea1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kia. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t nh\u1ea1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 bung ra khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp. Irving Kolodin (The Continuity of Music) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.
S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e1t t\u1edbi lui, l\u1eafng nghe xem hay d\u1edf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 xen k\u1ebd nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe hay d\u1edf, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00ec ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u01b0ng \u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u00e0i hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Beethoven cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u00e0i \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u1eadt v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, d\u1eadp x\u00f3a lia l\u1ecba.
Ngay nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111em tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u01b0ng, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u01b0ng \u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edf, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3, n\u00f3i theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i (type – vd. xe h\u01a1i) v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eabu (token – vd. Camry) th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i (type), c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c nhau do b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo sau c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu (token). Cho th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, l\u1eafng nghe…Nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edf, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho n\u00ean tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trung th\u00e0nh khi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3.
r\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y la\u0300 t\u00f4\u0309ng quan v\u00ea\u0300 3 kh\u00e2u sa\u0301ng ta\u0301c, tri\u0300nh di\u00ea\u0303n va\u0300 l\u0103\u0301ng nghe \u0111a\u0303 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0301i thoa\u0323i v\u01a1\u0301i nhau nh\u01b0 th\u00ea\u0301 na\u0300o trong hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng \u00e2m nha\u0323c. Chu\u0301ng kh\u00f4ng pha\u0309i bi\u00ea\u0323t l\u00e2\u0323p nh\u01b0 truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng c\u00f4\u0309 \u0111i\u00ea\u0309n quan ni\u00ea\u0323m. Ph\u00e2\u0300n ti\u00ea\u0301p theo la\u0300 tri\u0300nh b\u00e2\u0300y ki\u00ea\u0301n gia\u0309i v\u00ea\u0300 \u00e2m nha\u0323c cu\u0309a va\u0300i nha\u0300 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u HTL va\u0300 TDH \u0111i\u00ea\u0309n hi\u0300nh. Ri\u00eang Roman Ingarden \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ea\u0300 c\u00e2\u0323p kha\u0301 \u0111\u00e2\u0300y \u0111u\u0309 khi ba\u0300n v\u00ea\u0300 ba\u0309n th\u00ea\u0309 cu\u0309a nha\u0323c ph\u00e2\u0309m trong ba\u0300i:
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