{"id":13125,"date":"2021-07-31T23:16:53","date_gmt":"2021-07-31T23:16:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/?p=13125"},"modified":"2021-08-01T03:42:51","modified_gmt":"2021-08-01T03:42:51","slug":"trong-dat-nga-so-vang-bong-mot-thoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/?p=13125","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ea1t – Nga S\u00f4 vang b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 L\u00e3nh \u0110\u1ea1o Nga.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staline.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga chi\u1ebfm 1\/6 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng Nga l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi Nga Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh b\u1eb1ng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00e0o, thi h\u00e0o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 L\u00e9on Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, Pouchkine, Sholokhov, Tchaikovsky …\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1917 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Kerensky l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Nga Ho\u00e0ng, th\u00e1ng 7 \u00f4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1917 L\u00e9nine c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Kerensky th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hay C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n (Kerensky) l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Nga Ho\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00f3m Marxist (v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n) c\u1ee7a L\u00e9nine c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tay t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Nga Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Trung Hoa, Vi\u1ec7t Nam…c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCon vi tr\u00f9ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea9y n\u1edf trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi L\u00e9nine c\u01b0\u1edbp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n 1917 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1917 cho t\u1edbi 1922. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa 4 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ednh H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 2 tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1ee1i B\u1ea1ch V\u1ec7 ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft nhau v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u hai v\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed tr\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Stalin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1922, \u00f4ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh sau khi L\u00e9nine ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1924, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a L\u00e9nine. Trong b\u1ed9 L\u00e9nine Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp c\u00f3 ghi r\u00f5 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Staline l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Staline\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e9nine m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1924, Staline ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 L\u00e9on Trosky, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n sang M\u1ec5 T\u00e2y C\u01a1 nh\u01b0ng Staline cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo gi\u1ebft tr\u1eeb h\u1eadu h\u1ecda. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Staline, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga khi Staline ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m \u0103n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1edbn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Staline cho l\u1ec7nh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0103n b\u00e1m, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u1eebng kh\u1eebng, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2026\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eafn gi\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 theo k\u1ebf h\u1ecdach c\u1ee7a Staline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau n\u00e0y T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Nga Gorbachov t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Staline t\u1eafm trong m\u00e1u, \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eed h\u00ecnh d\u00e0i do Staline k\u00fd h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, trong kho\u1ea3ng 1937-1941 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 11 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staline thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a L\u00e9nine b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7. Staline \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga phong ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu l\u00ean h\u00e0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Phim The Soviet Story n\u00f3i trong khi \u1ea5y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Hitler theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c Staline, trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i l\u1eafm \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1932-33 Staline \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Ukraine khi\u1ebfn 7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. T\u1eeb 1934-1939 Staline m\u1edf nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u trong \u0111\u1ea3ng, trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o\u2026.nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1eafn gi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung t\u1eeb 1936-1939. \u00d4ng ta m\u1edf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 trong c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng CS nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Bolsheviks l\u00e3o th\u00e0nh, L\u00e9on Trosky v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c T\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i danh \u00e2m m\u01b0u l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1ng 6\/1941 Hitler \u0111\u01b0a 70% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Soviet, qu\u00e2n Nga tuy \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, trang b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb 1941 t\u1edbi 1945 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u kinh ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh long tr\u1eddi l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n Nga-\u0110\u1ee9c. Theo s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n sau 1975 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nga g\u1ed3m 20 tri\u1ec7u sinh m\u1ea1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 d\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 l\u00ednh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1,000 t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. <\/em>Theo T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 27 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn (phim Anh-M\u1ef9: World War II Behind Closed Doors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00eda Nga ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1eaft m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Staline, ph\u1ea3i hy sinh t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Stalingrad qu\u00e2n Nga t\u1eed tr\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i v\u0169 trang ph\u00eda sau ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ebd b\u1eafn b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y. S\u1ed1 l\u00ednh Nga ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Stalingrad c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u00c2u-\u00c1 (h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Doenitz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Hitler cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Nga S\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd kho\u1ea3ng 2,000 m\u00e1y bay M\u1ef9 (ban ng\u00e0y) v\u00e0 800 m\u00e1y bay Anh (ban \u0111\u00eam) d\u1ea7n n\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i B\u00e1 Linh th\u00ec Nga kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staline truy k\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1944 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u L\u1ed7 Ma Ni, B\u1ea3o Gia L\u1ee3i, Ba Lan, Hung Gia L\u1ee3i, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c… t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y qu\u00e2n Nga l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, qu\u00ed kim, ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7… trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111em v\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staline ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c r\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y \u00f4ng ta ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ebb ra ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u00ecn v\u00e0ng cho CS b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t nhanh m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staline l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb 1922 t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft 1953, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 31 n\u0103m, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 TBT l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed CS Nga. C\u00e1c T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed Th\u01b0 Nga h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft tr\u1eeb Nikita Khrushchev v\u00e0 Mikhail Gorbachev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nikita Khrushchev<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Staline, gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c B\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3ng CS Nga t\u1eeb 1953 t\u1edbi 1964 th\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 khi v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Nga. Khrushchev l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 Staline v\u00e0 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gian Nga v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong n\u1ed9i tr\u1ecb, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1964 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Leonid Brezhnev l\u00ean thay. N\u0103m 1953 Khrushchev d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, khi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft tay ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Staline, n\u0103m 1956 trong k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 \u00f4ng ta t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Staline v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb \u00edt \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p h\u01a1n. Khrushchev c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u00f2i d\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng \u00edt k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khrushchev ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec7n cho CSBV \u00edt nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, Brezhnev l\u00ean thay, gi\u00fap CSVN \u1ed3 \u1ea1t khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leonid Brezhnev<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb 1964 t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1982, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 18 n\u0103m, l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t sau Staline. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Brezhnev \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Nga tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng l\u00ean cao v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi M\u1ef9  kho\u1ea3ng 12.5% GDP, T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 CIA, t\u1eeb 1960-1965 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Nga (growth) l\u00e0 4.8, t\u1eeb 1970-1975 c\u00f2n 3.00, t\u1eeb 1980-85 t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 1.8. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nga giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y n\u00f3i chung gi\u00e0 nua thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf gia Samuelson n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n Economics trang 830 (in 1970)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTh\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In the 1970s, as in the 1960s, U.S.S.R real GNP is about one-half  United States real GNP)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yuri Andropov<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai ng\u00e0y sau khi Brezhnevch\u1ebft, Andropov\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u  l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng CS S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11\/1982 cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft 14 th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb 1967 Andropov l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c KGB, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c KGB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konstantin Chernenko<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andropov ch\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 2\/1984 sau 15 th\u00e1ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y sau Chernenko \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 l\u00ean thay tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd c\u1ee7a Andropov mu\u1ed1n Gorbachev thay \u00f4ng, Chernenko l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Gorbachev l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai sau Chernenko, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 to\u1ea1 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi Chernenko b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe suy y\u1ebfu, Gorbachev lu\u00f4n thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikhail Gorbachev<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00ean thay Chernenko n\u0103m 1985, Gorbachev l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean Bang S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng CS Nga t\u1eeb 1985-1991, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 1988 cho t\u1edbi khi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 n\u0103m 1991..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ed3m M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi) v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3m binh b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9.  \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft.  Th\u00e1ng 1\/1987 Gorbachev \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1edfi m\u1edf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gorbachev ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, th\u1ea3 t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1988 ra lu\u1eadt cho t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, c\u1eeda ti\u1ec7m t\u01b0, h\u00e3ng x\u01b0\u1edfng… b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u0103n. Th\u00e1ng 6\/1988 Gorbachev cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, th\u00e1ng 3\/1989 cho b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1917 t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 25\/3\/1990 Gorbachev \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi 59% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS th\u1ea5t c\u1eed, Yeltsin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u1edf Moscow v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Gorbachev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gorbachev, gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n t\u1ea7m trung t\u1ea1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. Ng\u00e0y 11\/10\/1988 Gorbachev v\u00e0 TT M\u1ef9 Reagan h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Iceland b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3m v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea7m trung. H\u1ecd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn r\u1eddi b\u1ecf 100 h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n t\u1ea7m trung kh\u1ecfi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m v\u00e0o 1996 thay v\u00ec 2000 nh\u01b0 Gorbachev l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00fd k\u1ebft Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n t\u1ea7m trung n\u0103m 1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gorbachev tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y 4\/6\/1989 Ba Lan cho b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 CS b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7, d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u n\u1ed5i d\u1eady su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1989 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a CS b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1989 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y  sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb sau Th\u00ea chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Ba Lan v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Hung Gia L\u1ee3i, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, B\u1ea3o Gia L\u1ee3i, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, ri\u00eang L\u1ed7 Ma Ni (Roumanie) l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Thi\u00ean an M\u00f4n n\u0103m 1989 \u1edf B\u1eafc kinh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Gorbachev c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111i g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp n\u00ean 80 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m khan hi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng tem phi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. So v\u1edbi 1985 khi\u1ebfm ng\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb 0 l\u00ean 109 t\u1ef7 r\u00fap, d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m  t\u1eeb 2,000 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 200 t\u1ea5n, n\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb zero t\u1edbi 120 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f2i tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc Lithuania, Latvia, v\u00e0 Estonia\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Staline s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Nga n\u0103m 1940. N\u0103m 1989 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1989 (Revolutions of 1989) c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong Li\u00ean bang, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nga Ho\u00e0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Li\u00ean Bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft tan nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c ph\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1991. M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m (15) n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Armenia<\/a>, Azerbaijan<\/a>, Belarus<\/a>, Estonia<\/a>, Georgia<\/a>, Kazakhstan<\/a>, Kyrgyzstan<\/a>, Latvia<\/a>, Lithuania<\/a>, Moldova<\/a>, Russia<\/a>, Tajikistan<\/a>, Turkmenistan<\/a>, Ukraine<\/a>, v\u00e0 Uzbekistan<\/a>. S\u1ef1 ly khai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Nga m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 290 tri\u1ec7u nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 145 ri\u1ec7u<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1ng 8\/1991, \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ban h\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a Qu\u00e2n nh\u1ea9y d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 Moscow l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh theo ki\u1ec3u Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00ednh Thi n\u0103m 1960 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Gorbachev, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb giam ba ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Crimea. Yeltsin, T\u1ed1i cao li\u00ean bang (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i) h\u00f4 h\u00e0o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, Gorbachev \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Crimea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m CS b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc, t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1eaby m\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn t\u00e0n d\u01b0 CS Nga tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boris Yeltsin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Gorbachev suy tho\u00e1i, Yeltsin d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y sang b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n C\u1ea9m Linh. Ng\u00e0y 6-11-1991 \u00f4ng ra ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft b\u00e3i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng CS tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nga. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Gorbachev, Yeltsin n\u1ed5i l\u00ean khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gorbachev. Ng\u00e0y 29-5-1990 Yeltsin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u1ed1i cao S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i). Ng\u00e0y 12\/6\/1991 Yeltin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft Nga (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic<\/a>), Yeltsin gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean bang Nga, n\u0103m 1996 \u00f4ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Yeltsin c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u suy tho\u00e1i nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, tham nh\u0169ng, kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. N\u0103m 1992 v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng cho t\u1edbi 31-12-1999, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn Yeltsin kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy t\u00edn l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 31\/12<\/a>\/1999<\/a>,  Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng Vladimir Putin<\/a> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi cho t\u1edbi khi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 26\/3<\/a>\/2000<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vladimir Putin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng Nga t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8\/1999 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 12\/1999, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi do Yeltsin trao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i 1999 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 3\/2000. Putin \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng 26\/3\/2000 v\u1edbi 53% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u 2000-2004 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai 2004-2008 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a TT M\u1ef9 Bush con. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u1ee9\u1edbng t\u1eeb 2008-2012 trong khi Dmitry Medvedev<\/a>, Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 cho l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed ti\u1ebfp n\u0103m 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dmitry Medvedev, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng 2008 v\u00e0 c\u1eed Putin l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u00e1ng 9-2011 sau khi lu\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb 4 l\u00ean 6 n\u0103m, Putin cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u1ee9ng c\u1eed l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba (2012) khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nga. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eafng c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2012 (63.6% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu) v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n 6 n\u0103m, c\u1eed Dmitry Medvedev l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putin b\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, b\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi coi l\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u. N\u0103m 2014 Nga b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi G-8 v\u00ec s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Crimea v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y 21\/2\/2014 Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Ukraine l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n Nga Yanukovych v\u00e0 c\u1eed TT l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Turchynov l\u00ean thay. M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi, Nga ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Hai ng\u00e0y sau Putin \u0111\u01b0a v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00e9n gi\u00fap b\u1ecdn g\u1ed1c Nga chi\u1ebfm b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Crimea, cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 3 h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ma m\u00e3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 xe t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u00e0o Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nay \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3m 2.5% v\u00ec Ukraine kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn  \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean g\u1ed3m d\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00ed\u2026chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Nga. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 2012 d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t chi\u1ebfm 16% T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi\u1ebfm 52% l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c  Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 70% h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng. K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Nga r\u1ea5t cao, n\u0103m 2013 v\u0169 kh\u00ed xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 15 t\u1ef7 (M\u1ef9 kim) \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai sau M\u1ef9 g\u1ed3m m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn, ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee7y \u0111\u0129nh \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb 2000-2012 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u0103ng, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u0103ng 160% nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong khi 110 nh\u00e0 t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef 35% ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nga c\u0169ng b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1n th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb 2000-2012 m\u1ea5t 880 t\u1ef7 M\u1ef9 kim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putin c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cho\u201d \u0111em xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean h\u00e0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 8 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi khu\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putin mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi oanh li\u1ec7t nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i 15 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 145 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i 290 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ee9 ba, sau \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp giang s\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u00ean m\u1edbi mang \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ecbch s\u1eed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a CS \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f4m s\u1edbm mai tan nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c ph\u00e1o, nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, c\u00f3 sinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng Putin n\u00ean ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang suy tho\u00e1i th\u00ec hay h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi \u201cc\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cho\u201d \u0111em b\u00e1n trong khi mi\u1ec7ng \u0103n n\u00fai l\u1edf. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, Nam H\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o Putin c\u0169ng s\u1ebd quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 72 n\u0103m Lenine \u0111em l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Marx Engels v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n long tr\u1eddi l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1917 v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd  Gorbachev l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1989, gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, \u0111em l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do cho Nga, cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Nga. Gorbachev l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang, \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1c \u00e1i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS t\u1ea1i Nga, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc CS da v\u00e0ng c\u00f2n thoi th\u00f3p th\u1edf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1eeb t\u1eeb d\u1eaby ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Putin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gorbachev v\u00e0 Yeltsin. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfc nh\u1edb th\u1eddi oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nga S\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Putin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i CS. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70, 60 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf Nga b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda TSL M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau M\u1ef9,  nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi Gorbachev, Yeltsin kinh t\u1ebf Nga t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c. Nh\u1edd Putin m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 ngoi ng\u00f3c l\u00ean h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 11, thua Nam H\u00e0n m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc. Trong khi TSL Kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 nay 22,670 t\u1ef7, Nga ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1,710 t\u1ef7, TSL M\u1ef9 g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 13 l\u1ea7n TSL Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf gia Samuelson n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n Economics trang 830 (in 1970)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTh\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In the 1970s, as in the 1960s, U.S.S.R real GNP is about one-half  United States real GNP)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gorbachev c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111i g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m khan hi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng tem phi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. So v\u1edbi 1985 khi\u1ebfm ng\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb 0 l\u00ean 109 t\u1ef7 r\u00fap, d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m  t\u1eeb 2,000 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 200 t\u1ea5n, n\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb zero t\u1edbi 120 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi Yeltsin c\u00f2n th\u00ea th\u1ea3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u0103m 1992 v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn bao nhi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n. Th\u1eddi Gorbachev v\u00e0 Yeltsin n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga s\u1eafp \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i Gorbachev, Yeltsin m\u00e0 Nga suy s\u1ee5p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Brezhnev Nga s\u00f4 m\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 khi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, l\u1ee5n b\u1ea1i, n\u0103m 1972 m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd mua l\u00faa m\u00ec c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung C\u1ed9ng, Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y sang l\u00e0m gia c\u00f4ng, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Putin l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 T\u1ed3ng Th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1999-2008. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn Nga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean g\u1ed3m d\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00ed\u2026chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Nga. Putin c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cho\u201d \u0111em xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean h\u00e0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 11 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ecm b\u00ecm leo, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9, T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khinh r\u1ebb n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga h\u1ebft th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd coi Nga nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh r\u1ebb r\u00e1ch. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eebng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng Nga h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u0169. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Putin v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat h\u00e0o quang qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng qu\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ee7i. Putin gi\u1eadt d\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e2n Nga t\u1ea1i Ukraine \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb k\u00e9o h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 Nga nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraine \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Nga v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb Staline gi\u1ebft b\u1ea9y tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1933. H\u1ecd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n Nga khi\u1ebfn Putin n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Crimea v\u00e0o Nga tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n n\u0103m 2014. Khi b\u1ecb M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, trong c\u01a1n n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn, Putin n\u00f3i: Nga l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u00e0nh tro b\u1ee5i, \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ee7i th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng sao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nay Ng\u00e2n S\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng Nga ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 42 t\u1ef7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 Qu\u00e2n S\u1ef1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec sau M\u1ef9 trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (globalfirepower.com<\/a>) v\u00ec kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u0169. NSQP c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nay 740 t\u1ef7, g\u1ea5p 17 l\u1ea7n Nga, v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kinh T\u1ebf nay M\u1ef9 g\u1ea5p 13 Nga, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 nay h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p hai Nga … ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, Nga nay ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 16\/6\/2021 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh M\u1ef9-Nga do TT Biden v\u00e0 TT Putin ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec t\u1ea1i Geneve, \u00f4ng Putin ng\u1ed3i v\u1eaft ch\u00e2n ch\u1eef ng\u0169 ngang h\u00e0ng T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1ea5t. Putin mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i coi Nga nh\u01b0 si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, Nga ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng so v\u1edbi M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1956 nh\u00e2n v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez, Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng Nga Khrushchev gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi M\u1ef9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cK\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nay m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 do M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Nga gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean can g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (\u00fd n\u00f3i Ph\u00e1p) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (\u00fd n\u00f3i Anh)\u201d<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u1eddi oanh li\u1ec7t ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi khu\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putin v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat h\u01b0 danh \u1ea5y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh Putin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i CS nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfc nh\u1edb c\u00e1i th\u1eddi oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nga s\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng thu\u1edf \u1ea5y nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u? c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng vang, vang b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 L\u00e3nh \u0110\u1ea1o Nga. Staline. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga chi\u1ebfm 1\/6 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13126,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tim-hieu"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lediemchihue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/10-4.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7bhGG-3pH","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13125"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13125\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13127,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13125\/revisions\/13127"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lediemchihue.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}